Author Archives: rdwilkins

UPDATE – Graphic Standards From Across The Pond

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This is an update to a post I made back in 2012 about standard European architectural manuals; Neufert’s and McKay’s Building Construction.

I’ve recently found digitized copies of both of these online and have posed them at the bottom of each of the descriptions below. Copies of McKay’s have been hard to find here in the States and I like having a digital copy to refer to when I’m on location. Less shipping!

Here in the US, the book we primarily turn to for all questions of an architectural nature is the AIA Architectural Graphic Standards. For our work, the third and fifth editions are the most informative because they were printed at a time when architects had to draw everything rather than order most elements pre-made. If you happen to be drawing up European architecture, though, it won’t do you much good.

In the rest of the world, the architectural book most people turn to for similar answers is Neufert’s Architectural Data. Soon to be released in it’s 40th edition, the book is printed in 18 languages and is the architectural Bible in the metric world.

Ernst Neufert

Ernst Neufert worked at the Bauhaus as chief architect under Walter Gropius and later taught at the Bauhochschule until the Nazis closed it down in the early 1930’s. Seeing the need for a book that graphically laid out the architectural standards of the time, the book was first printed in 1936 and soon became a big success. Like Graphic Standards, the book is mainly a visual reference of architectural design and space standards for the European continent.

The book has had a number of English language editions, but the 1998 International is the most useful and easiest to use for the metrically-challenged. A large number of each edition are printed so it should be fairly easy to find used copies. You may have better luck throught British booksellers than second-hand businesses here.

A digital copy of an early edition can be found here:

 

kitchen standards from an earlier edition

In Britain, The book many people refer to is McKay’s Building Construction. Originally published in three volumes over an eight year period, the recent re-publication has combined them into one book. The books are so popular in England that when they briefly went out of print, students were encourage to beg, borrow or steal to get a set.

page on hand-cut stonework

Written by W.B. McKay, who was Head of the Building Department at both Leeds and Manchester colleges, the book is particularly useful for our business as it shows and describes exactly how the various methods of construction (wood and masonry ) are carried out. Filled with hundreds of beautiful perspective drawings by McKay, the book takes up where Graphic Standards ends.

Like Neufert’s, this can be had in used editions, the most recent from 2004. I found my copy in a bookstore in New Delhi, India, so you may have to search around. This is definitely a book that is worth the search.

If you’re in a hurry, you can order it here.

Digital copies of the 1945 edition can be found here:

Volume 1

Volume 2

Volume 3

methods of forming masonry openings

Art Department Masterclass – 2026 Sessions – April 30 Application Deadline

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The Art Department Master Class is an international training program that has held over 10 training sessions in Lithuania, Italy, and Iceland. The one-week programs are led by film industry professionals from various countries who are leaders in film design in Art Departments around the world.

Production Designer K.K. Barrett giving a lecture on the design for the film Marie Antoinette at an ADM event. Photo: Andrius Paulavičius

Its creators, Ieva Buzinskaite and Domante Urmonaite realized that there was a lack of training available for people who had chosen a career in the Art Department of films and saw it as an opportunity for creating a world-wide community.

“We are committed to fostering an inclusive and supportive environment that encourages dialogue, generosity of knowledge, and long-term creative sustainability within the art department community.

Many of our participants and experts return again and again. They support the project, speak about it with warmth, and help shape what it becomes next. We’ve also been lucky to grow alongside partners who believe in the same values and continue to support us year after year.

At its core, this project is not just a job for us. It’s a long-term commitment to maintaining creativity, curiosity, and motivation in an industry that can easily exhaust all three. We want people to leave the Art Department Masterclass feeling re-energized, connected, and reminded of why they chose this path in the first place.

There is, of course, a lot of work happening behind the scenes – but that’s nothing new for anyone who has ever worked in an art department. And just like on set, we believe the best results come from care, collaboration, and a shared belief in what we’re making together.”

The 6-day sessions for 2026 are:

World Building – June 12 to 17 in Turin, Italy

Digital Post-Production – November 5 to 10 in Vilnius, Lithuania

The sessions are limited to 20 participants each and are meant for individuals worldwide who have at least 5 years of experience in art departments in the film industry.

The price of the sessions is €650 per session, which includes tuition, accomodation and lunch. The price is kept low through the generous government co-funding from the European Union Creative Europe program.

For more information on the sessions and to apply, go to this link.

Aspect Ratio Explained

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This and the following charts are part of the Designing For The Camera class, offered at the Wrand Productions website.

Aspect ratio is one of those topics that can be hard to explain. Part of the confusion starts with the numerical system used to describe the ratio system. It has nothing to do with lens focal lengths, or depth of field or any of the other optical explanations of a film image. (Yes, camera sensors do have a set aspect ratio but you can crop an image to any size in post production so for now I’m concentrating on talking about a display aspect ratio. And, I’m leaving out the confusion over spherical vs. anamorphic lenses for another post.)

The simplest way to explain an aspect ratio is that it is a comparison of the horizontal length of a frame to the vertical length.

The first films, the silent ones, were shot with an aspect ratio of 1.33:1. The width of each image is 1.33 times the height.

The extreme projection aspect ratio up until now was a 4.1:1 format called Polyvision for the 1927 film, Napoleon, which was done by lining up three projectors and interlocking three 1:33 ratio film prints.

Here is a chart for determining the aspect ratio of an image.

From the course Designing For The Camera.

Once television became a competitor to the movie theaters for audience eyeballs, the studios began to experiment with shooting films in wider formats to create a visual experience that TV couldn’t match because of the fixed 1.35:1 television screen size.

As filmmakers became tired of seeing their films shot in widescreen cropped for viewing on TVs, a compromise was made by changing the old 1:37 aspect ratio to 1.78. This opened up the standard screen width and changed the way even television shows were shot from the mid 1980’s.

From the Wrand Film & Video Glossary

Notice that some formats are referred to by different style or raio callout. The 1.78 format is also described as 16×9. Thus the typical smart phone screen ratio is known as 9×16 because of it’s being typically viewed as a vertical rather than horizontal image.

The best video explanation of film stock differences and aspect ratios was done by Ryan Coogler for Kodak as he talked about the different aspect ratios he used for shooting his film “Sinners”. He talks about a number of new projection systems that I didn’t know about.

Here is a video of Autumn Durald Arkapaw, the cinematographer and first woman to win the Best Cinematography Oscar, explaining how she shot the film in two different aspect ratios; IMAX and Ultra Panvision 65.

Goodbye Delicious Library, Hello Book Tracker

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Nearly 14 years ago I posted an article about organizing your books and reference. I had found a new (at the time) app called Delicious Library which was perfect for the task. It would organize your books, DVDs, reference boxes and other assets in categories and pulled in data from Amazon as to book values, prices and print data. Unfortunately it only worked on Macs.

Several years ago the app was cut off from using Google data and it became of limited value when updating assets and books.

The old interface of Delicious Library

I just recently found a replacement, an app called Book Tracker. It operates similarly to Delicious Library but does not access the same amount of data that Delicious Library had access to.

Fortunately it was easy to import my library data from DL and everything came in perfectly, with the exception of the book values that were listed in DL. Unfortunately the app is also only for Mac. (Keep reading for a PC option)

The interface isn’t quite as graphic as the virtual bookshelf in DL, but Book Tracker does have a nice organization system and make it easy to sort books by a wide range of categories.

The Book Tracker interface

The app also has an iOS version that works on an iPhone that has a barcode scanner which makes it easy to add new books without doing a lot of data entry.

There is a free version but it’s only good for 5 books which isn’t very helpful. Use the free version to try it out. For the full version, there is a one-time purchase price of $20. The app for the iPhone will cost you an additional $5, but the bar scanner feature made it worth it for me.

For PC users, a similar option is an app called BiblioteQ. It is a FREE open-source program that you download to your machine rather than existing in a data cloud server.

The program is updated regularly and is supported in 12 different languages. It brings in cover art from Amazon and Open Library, will support third-party bar code readers, works on Mac as well as Windows, and will import libraries from CSV files so it will also ingest a Delicious Library collection. It is also designed to organize and archive collections of music, photographs, journals, and video games.

The BiblioteQ interface

Railroad & Train Car Reference

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Illustrations from The Car-Builder’s Dictionary

Trains are one of those set pieces that don’t get used often anymore and reference for early period trains isn’t always easy to find. My train reference usually gets buried on a back shelf of my library and I have to unearth it when a design comes along that involves a train car or a scene that requires recreating railroad scenes.

These two books are the most complete that I’ve found when I need to create details for a train car build or most any other information on late 19th to early 20th century railroad systems.

The first is The Car-Builders Dictionary, which is now in a digital format. It’s a 680 page book that includes pretty much anything I have ever needed to know about railroad cars of that period. The book includes a 200 page glossary as well as scale drawings and perspective views of almost all passenger and freight cars, including street cars, both American and English.


A similar book which focuses more on freight cars is the 1919 Car Builder’s Dictionary and Cyclopedia.

There are scale drawings, plans, and sections of cars to show construction and layout. There are also photographs of car interiors, and detailed illustrations of every part on the cars, both functional and cosmetic: seating, hardware, brake diagrams, truck construction, lighting, etc.

For everything else railroad related, I’d recommend the I.C.S. Reference Library, Vol. 133_Railroads, 1908. This is a 800+ page manual that covers the infrastructure of railroads, including track design and layout, covering standard track schematics, bridges, rail specs, buildings, service facilities, and sections on road and highway construction, and city surveying and survey drawings.

The Full Story – The Blade Runner Vid Phōn

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Sometimes what you hear about a famous movie prop doesn’t give you the full story.

This is the real story behind the design of the Vid Phōn, the video phone booth in Ridley Scott’s film Blade Runner, that Harrison Ford’s character Decker, uses to call Rachael (Sean Young).

The Vid Phōn Hero prop. Now in the collection of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles. Syd Mead is given sole credit for the design on the signage at the Academy display but the prop was completely redesigned by Tom Southwell during pre-production.

Syd Mead did a lot of concept illustration work for the film that contributed to the futuristic look. But as is true for a lot of concept artwork, the execution of it can become problematic when it comes to translating it into a 3D ‘shootable’ reality.

Tom Southwell, who is a Production Designer in his own right, (Disturbia, The Salton Sea) was the production illustrator on Blade Runner, as well as many other films, and designed all of the graphics for the movie. He was also called upon to design hero props for the film that not only had to work but be ‘shootable’ as well.

In the Art Department on Blade Runner. L to R – Production designer Larry Paull, Production Illusrator Tom Southwell, Art Director David Snyder.

This weekend, on February 28, Tom will be awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award for his work as an Illustrator and Production Designer at the Art Directors Guild Awards Banquet in Los Angeles.

Tom’s original sketch and final logo for the Spinner Car
Some of Tom’s other graphics for the film.

Wood Moulding And Proportions

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When recreating a period set from the 1800’s in particular, it’s difficult to really replicate the designs of the period because current wood moulding and millwork don’t allow for what was a common practice by designers and architects; true proportional design.

A moulding catalogue of today looks very different from the original moulding catalogues of the 1800’s. Not only because they contained a larger variety of profiles, but there was a large selection of different sizes for almost every profile that they offered.

The cover of the 1874 Universal Moulding Book. One of the first millwork catalogues for wood moulding.

The oldest moulding catalogue that I own is the Universal Moulding Book from 1874. This catalogue shows over 650 moulding profiles in full size. It isn’t the first version. I know this because the catalogue states that 46 profiles have been phased out from a previous catalogue.

Here is a page of a profile known as a Quirked Greek Ogee and Bevel, a popular profile in the mid 19th century. Notice that there are 17 different sizes.

Why so many sizes?

Originally moulding or architectural enrichment wasn’t an afterthought. The mouldings were designed to be used in proportion to the openings that they surrounded.

In America, and England, before the Industrial Revolution, wood mouldings were made by hand. (plaster ornament was as well). With a set of planes called Hollows and Rounds, an infinite variety of moulding profiles could be created. A set of planes were designed to created 1/6th diameter arcs in increments of 1/16th inch.

My working set of hollows and rounds

Various pattern books of the period laid out the formulas for creating the mouldings according to the width of the openings. In his 1827 version of Builder’s Companion, Asher Benjamin wrote that for a door or window, the proper proportion would be found by dividing the opening into eight parts and giving one to the width of the moulding, He noted that this formula would provide a different width for different widths of doors and windows, but said that it wasn’t good to have different widths of architraves in the same room.

Obviously he wasn’t around to comment on this house interior……….

1839 New Orleans 4-bay townhouse

The pocket door opening in the photo is 6′ wide while the window width is about 3′ wide. You probably don’t notice that the architraves and the corner blocks are different sizes. The casing aound the doos is about 6″ in width while the window casing is less than 5″. The casing that frames the doors would look too large around the windows while the window casing width would be too diminished by the pocket door opening width.

Because the casing widths conform to the opening sizes, they look similar enough in size for their differences to be hard to recognize. The fact that they have proportional details within the overal common profile helps as well.

When the factory-made millworker begain to replace the on-site handmade moulding, they settled on a series of profile sizes that would fit most situations based on common door and window opening sizes.

This variety of sizes began to diminish into the 20th century until around 1940, when most catalogues began to offer only a few or even just one size of each profile.

A page from the 1939 Stock Millwork Catalogue

When you have a design that requires moulding profiles that aren’t available, (which is a common problem with 19th century Victorian designs), and you aren’t able to create a built-up moulding from available profiles, you may have to have a set of custom knifes made.

If you order enough linear feet of the mould, some shops will waive the knife fee as it adds to their selection of profiles. Be sure you look into custom knifes before you discount it as being too expensive. The job is also done by CNC now rather than hand-grinding. so the actual operation is not a bid deal.

Tools For Identifying & Specifying Wood

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It can be tricky to identify or specify a particular wood if you’re not very knowledgable about working with it. There are hundreds of different species available and even though a small number of those are in common usage in the construction trade, narrowing it down to the ideal look you want can be frustrating.

For many years a Production Designer was able to just hand a Scenic Painter a photograph and the artist would “grain” the surface to match any kind of wood they wanted. With the loss of painters who are trained in “graining”, it has become more common to find a laminated material which matches their choice or to use actual wood veneer that matches the reference.

One website that I’ve found recently is a very good starting point to locate a match to a reference photo you might have or select a wood species based on your preferences of shade, color, or grain.

The Wood Database was created by Eric Meier in 2007 and now includes images and data for over 600 different wood species. You can search by name, type, location, appearance, and several other catagories.

Each species entry has a color photo of the wood showing grain pattern (depending on the cut orientation) as well as the scientific data as to hardness and shrinkage rates.

The information is also available in hardback book form, which can be ordered from the site, which features the data on over 350 wood types, including large color images of each species.

There is also a wood identification guide section on the site to take you through the steps of making an identification.

Another good reference is a book called What Wood Is That? by Herbert Edlin. The book explains basic wood characteristics and details 40 common wood types. It also includes 40 actual wood samples so that you can see a real-life sample of the types outlined.

The actual wood samples that are in What Wood Is That?

For larger wood samples to look at, I’d suggest getting a set of veneer samples like the ones below. You can find sets like the one below from various venders on Amazon. Be sure that you get a set that have labels attached for easy identification. With these, you have a piece large enough ( they are usually about 6″ x 12″) to be able to try different stains, finishes, or age to your liking.

A typical set of large veneer samples

Moulding In The Classical Tradition Lecture – February 26

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If you are in the Los Angeles area at the end of February, The Southern California chapter of the ICAA (Institute of Classical Architecture and Art) is presenting a lecture entitled “Authenticity & Historic Design in Architectural Millwork” on February 26, from 6:00 to 8:00 PM.

The presenter will be Brent Hull, a nationally recognized expert on historic design and architectural authenticity. He will present information and inspiration from his new book “The Design and Manufacturing of Historic Millwork From 1740-1950” published by Wiley & Sons. 2025.

Hull is an award-winning master builder and expert in historically accurate architectural millwork and mouldings. For over thirty years his craftsmanship has enhanced nationally registered properties and homes across the country. Hull honed his expertise at Boston’s North Bennet Street School where he trained in the art of traditional building and historic preservation prior to founding Hull Millwork & Hull Homes in Fort Worth, Texas.

He has authored five books on historic millwork and architectural design including his most recent work, which is a follow-up to his previous book, “Historic Millwork”, published in 2003. His current book includes moulding of the mid-18th century and early 19th century periods, which weren’t covered in the earlier volume.

He will be talking about the stylistic and functional shifts that accompanied the transition from pre-industrial hand-crafted techniques to mechanized production. Hull provides a framework for identifying period-specific profiles and understanding the design logic that shaped moulding development across two centuries of American building tradition. Participants will gain practical knowledge for making informed specification decisions for restoration and classical new build projects.

Here is the link to register:

https://www.classicist.org/calendar/events/authenticity-and-historic-design-in-architectural-millwork-with-brent-hull

If you aren’t familiar with the ICAA, they are a great resource for connecting with architects and artists who are interested in and trained in the classical arts tradition, both in restoration work and new construction that honors the early periods. They have active chapters all over the country.

Brent will be giving his presentation iat several other chapters around the country so you might check the ICAA calendar if you don’t live on the west coast.

Here is the link to the main ICAA page to find out more about the organization and learn about events in other parts of the country:

https://www.classicist.org



Arch-Anatomy – Electrical Wood Moulding

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This is the second in a series of articles on the anatomy of architecture which focuses on construction details. Many of them are details that are now obsolete because of modern building methods or the evolution of designs due to changing tastes.

There is a type of moulding available today called ‘electrical molding’ which is either a formed sheet metal channel or plastic channel that is designed to hide electrical wiring on the inside surface of a wall. This simplifies electrifying a room when new outlets are needed or a new light fixture needs to be installed without cutting into a finished wall surface.

In the late 1800’s the electrification of offices and homes was becoming more popular and the current method of wiring buildings posed a problem. The method at the time was known as ‘knob and tube’. Copper wires which were covered with a rubberized fabric were strung along the unfinished side of walls, underneath floors, or on attic joists and held off the wood surface by attaching them to a line of ceramic knobs which were nailed to the wood studs. When the wiring had to pass through a stud or joist, a hole was drilled and the hole was filled with a ceramic tube for the wires to pass through.

Knob and tube wiring – photo-Laura Scudder
Diagram of typical wiring showing rubberized cloth covering

The problem came when the wiring had to run inside a room interior. A cosmetic solution had to be created to hide electrical, telephone, and telegraph lines from view.

A wooden cleat to be used instead of ceramic knobs.

Cutting into the three-coat plaster and wood lath walls of the period to bury wiring inside them wasn’t an easy option when electrifying previously built houses. Early builders manuals suggested designs that hid the wiring inside moulding on the walls. Some suggested creating a moulding which hid the wiring at the top of a tall wainscot paneled wall, or to create a wide picture rail to serve the purpose.

An example of electrical moulding disguised as a wide picture rail.
Another example of a suggested electrical moulding capped by a picture rail mould.

Electrical moulding doesn’t show up in a lot of the moulding catalogues from the period, but a number of them are represented in the Official Moulding Book in their 1907 to 1913 editions.

No. 8249 and 8251 were meant for either a type of cornice mould or to use to run wiring vertically at a room corner.

The three photos below are photographs I took inside an 1890 office building before it was renovated. I haven’t been ablr to find this exact mould in any catalogue yet but they are a slightly more decorative version of No. 8244 in the Official Moulding Book.

Photo – R. Wilkins
Photo – R. Wilkins
Photo – R. Wilkins

Note that the wiring runs to the next room through holes in the wall which do not have any insulators. This lack of insulators, the fragile nature of the rubberized fabric coating, and the fact that the wiring was not grounded made for serious fire hazards with the early wiring systems.

Sources:

Official Moulding Book – 1907, The Chicago Millwork and Moulding Co, Chicago, IL

Building Construction and Superitendence, F.E. Kidder, Part II, 1911, William Comstock Co. NY

Cassell’s Carpentry And Joinery, Paul Hasluck, 1908, David McKay Publisher, Phila, PA